The Origin of Species
By Charles Darwin.
The Origin of Species
Chapter List-
The Origin of Species
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Chapter_3
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An Historical Sketch of the Progress of Opinion on the Origin of Species, Previously to the Publication of the First Edition of This Work
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Introduction
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The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
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I
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Causes of Variability
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Effects of Habit and of the Use or Disuse of Parts; Correlated Variation; Inheritance
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Character of Domestic Varieties; Difficulty of Distinguishing Between Varieties and Species; Origin of Domestic Varieties from One or More Species
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Breeds of the Domestic Pigeon, Their Differences and Origin
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Principles of Selection Anciently Followed, and Their Effects
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Unconscious Selection
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Circumstances Favourable to Man’s Power of Selection
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II
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Individual Differences
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Doubtful Species
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Wide-Ranging, Much Diffused, and Common Species Vary Most
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Species of the Larger Genera in Each Country Vary More Frequently Than the Species of the Smaller Genera
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Many of the Species Included Within the Larger Genera Resemble Varieties in Being Very Closely, but Unequally, Related to Each Other, and in Having Restricted Ranges
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Summary
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III
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The Term, Struggle for Existence, Used in a Large Sense
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Geometrical Ratio of Increase
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Nature of the Checks to Increase
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Complex Relations of All Animals and Plants to Each Other in the Struggle for Existence
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Struggle for Life Most Severe Between Individuals and Varieties of the Same Species
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IV
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Sexual Selection
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Illustrations of the Action of Natural Selection, or the Survival of the Fittest
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On the Intercrossing of Individuals
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Circumstances Favourable for the Production of New Forms Through Natural Selection
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Extinction Caused by Natural Selection
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Divergence of Character
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The Probable Effects of the Action of Natural Selection Through Divergence of Character and Extinction, on the Descendants of a Common Ancestor
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On the Degree to Which Organisation Tends to Advance
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Convergence of Character
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Summary of Chapter
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V
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Effects of the Increased Use and Disuse of Parts, as Controlled by Natural Selection
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Acclimatisation
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Correlated Variation
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Compensation and Economy of Growth
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Multiple, Rudimentary, and Lowly-Organised Structures Are Variable
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A Part Developed in Any Species in an Extraordinary Degree or Manner, in Comparison with the Same Part in Allied Species, Tends to Be Highly Variable
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Specific Characters More Variable Than Generic Characters
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Secondary Sexual Characters Variable
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Distinct Species Present Analogous Variations, So That a Variety of One Species Often Assumes a Character Proper to an Allied Species, or Reverts to Some of the Characters of an Early Progenitor
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Summary
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VI
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On the Absence or Rarity of Transitional Varieties
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On the Origin and Transition of Organic Beings with Peculiar Habits and Structure
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Organs of Extreme Perfection and Complication
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Modes of Transition
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Special Difficulties of the Theory of Natural Selection
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Organs of Little Apparent Importance, as Affected by Natural Selection
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Utilitarian Doctrine, How Far True: Beauty, How Acquired
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Summary: The Law of Unity of Type and of the Conditions of Existence Embraced by the Theory of Natural Selection
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VII
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VIII
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Inherited Changes of Habit or Instinct in Domesticated Animals
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Special Instincts
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Instincts of the Cuckoo
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Slave-Making Instinct
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Cell-Making Instinct of the Hive-Bee
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Objections to the Theory of Natural Selection as Applied to Instincts: Neuter and Sterile Insects
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Summary
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IX
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Degrees of Sterility
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Laws Governing the Sterility of First Crosses and of Hybrids
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Origin and Causes of the Sterility of First Crosses and of Hybrids
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Reciprocal Dimorphism and Trimorphism
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Fertility of Varieties When Crossed, and of Their Mongrel Offspring, Not Universal
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Hybrids and Mongrels Compared, Independently of Their Fertility
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Summary of Chapter
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X
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On the Lapse of Time, as Inferred from the Rate of Deposition and Extent of Denudation
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On the Poorness of Palaeontological Collections
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On the Absence of Numerous Intermediate Varieties in Any Single Formation
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On the Sudden Appearance of Whole Groups of Allied Species
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On the Sudden Appearance of Groups of Allied Species in the Lowest Known Fossiliferous Strata
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XI
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On Extinction
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On the Forms of Life Changing Almost Simultaneously Throughout the World
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On the Affinities of Extinct Species to Each Other, and to Living Forms
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On the State of Development of Ancient Compared with Living Forms
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On the Succession of the Same Types Within the Same Areas, During the Later Tertiary Periods
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Summary of the Preceding and Present Chapters
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XII
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Single Centres of Supposed Creation
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Means of Dispersal
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Dispersal During the Glacial Period
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Alternate Glacial Periods in the North and South
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XIII
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Freshwater Productions
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On the Inhabitants of Oceanic Islands
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Absence of Batrachians and Terrestrial Mammals on Oceanic Islands
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On the Relations of the Inhabitants of Islands to Those of the Nearest Mainland
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Summary of the Last and Present Chapters
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XIV
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Analogical Resemblances
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On the Nature of the Affinities Connecting Organic Beings
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Morphology
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Development and Embryology
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Rudimentary, Atrophied, and Aborted Organs
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Summary
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XV
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Glossary of the Principal Scientific Terms Used in the Present Volume
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Endnotes